Cassini INMS constraints on the composition and latitudinal fractionation of Saturn ring rain material

During Cassini's Grand Finale, the spacecraft flew between Saturn's upper atmosphere and its innermost ring, the D ring. Throughout these final orbits, Cassini encountered material flowing from the D ring into Saturn's atmosphere. Here, we present a compositional analysis of this material using data collected by Cassini's Ion Neutral Mass Spectrometer. We confirm the identification of CH4, CO2, CO, N2, H2O, NH3, and organics in the ring material, and provide upper limits for organic compounds of interest. The H/C, O/C, N/C, and S/C ratios of ring material are constrained using three different kinds of model spectra: automated fits, hand fits of inorganics + hydrocarbons, and hand fits of inorganics + organics with priority given to O-, N-, and S-bearing organics. Additionally, we compare data from the final plunge to earlier orbits, and find that ring material can be divided into gas and dust constituents, with CO2 at the volatility boundary between the two phases. At increasing distance above the equatorial plane, the gas/dust molar ratio increases. •INMS measured complex material from the D ring during the Cassini Grand Finale.•This material is ~20% water and ~35% non-methane organics by mass.•Constraints on elemental ratios of the ring material are presented.•Ring material is latitudinally fractionated according to gas and dust components.