The cerebral cortex is a substrate of multiple interactions between GABAergic interneurons and oligodendrocyte lineage cells

•Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are active partners of GABAergic interneurons in the developing cerebral cortex.•Comprehensive review of interneuron-oligodendroglia interactions in the cerebral cortex.•Presenting future directions on the study of interneuron-oligodendroglia interactions in health and disease. In the cerebral cortex, GABAergic interneurons and oligodendrocyte lineage cells share different characteristics and interact despite being neurons and glial cells, respectively. These two distinct cell types share common embryonic origins and are born from precursors expressing similar transcription factors. Moreover, they highly interact with each other through different communication mechanisms during development. Notably, cortical oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) receive a major and transient GABAergic synaptic input, preferentially from parvalbumin-expressing interneurons, a specific interneuron subtype recently recognized as highly myelinated. In this review, we highlight the similarities and interactions between GABAergic interneurons and oligodendrocyte lineage cells in the cerebral cortex and suggest potential roles of this intimate interneuron-oligodendroglia relationship in cortical construction. We also propose new lines of research to understand the role of the close link between interneurons and oligodendroglia during cortical development and in pathological conditions such as schizophrenia.