Harsh or balmy weathering conditions onto the first continent surface?

•Petrographical and geochemical (REE and other trace elements) analysis of sandstones from the Roraima group in the Guiana Shield (Brazil, 1.9 Ga) indicate that their source rocks are mainly tonalite, felsic volcanic rock, tholeiitic basalt and granite rocks.•The Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) after correction of the metasomatism is ∼ 89.8 +/- 3.9 which is in line with the thermochemical calculations (PHREEQC) performed to constraint the main weathering pathways.•Global climatic simulations (FOAM) were performed to evaluate the respective contributions of pCO2), pluviometry and temperature and topographic parameters upon the weathering intensity, which seems to be two orders of magnitude greater than tropical present-day. The weathering conditions prevailing during Proterozoic times differ likely from Present-day ones mainly because of the climate conditions driven by high CO2 atmospheric levels. The question of weathering intensity onto one of the first continent surface, so-called “Columbia”, is here addressed using the combination of a thermochemical and climatic model. Based on the dissolution of a mix of silicates representative of the presumed fresh rocks and the precipitation of secondary phases, the plausible reaction pathways of weathering seem to indicate that approximately 10% of initial silicates minerals should be dissolved to explain the measured high Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA), classically measured in the rocks belonging to this geological period. In addition, global climatic simulations were performed to evaluate the respective contributions of pCO2, pluviometry, temperature and topographic parameters upon the weathering intensity. This finding could suggest the weathering intensity have been, at the very most, two orders of magnitude greater than tropical present-day one over the Paleoproterozoic era: the runoff seemed to be similar whereas the dissolution reaction extent was enhanced. These calculations are confronted with the geological record of weathering conditions, namely well-preserved sandstone deposits belonging to the 1.9 Ga Roraima Supergroup in the Guiana Shield, Brazil. The field data indicating very high Chemical Index of Alteration are in line with the model calculations.