Urban foodscape and its relationships with diet and health outcomes

Environmental features such as the 'foodscape' defined as the physical, sociocultural and economic space in which people encounter meals and foods, might be associated with dietary intake and health outcomes. This review focuses mainly on the spatial approach of the foodscape, i.e. all the local shops, markets, restaurants and sales outlets that provide food supplies in a given area. This review aims to explore the evidence on relationships of urban foodscape with diet and health outcomes and to highlight the limitations in studying these relationships as well as suggestions for future studies. Many systematic reviews on characteristics of the foodscape in relation to weight status outcomes emerged over the last decade and results are equivocal. There is not a direct association between the foodscape and weight status of the individual, rather any association is a distant one. Therefore, it is more appropriate to focus on associations between foodscape and intermediate, more proximal outcomes, such as dietary behaviours. Research on the role of the foodscape in promoting or hindering healthy dietary behaviours are also numerous, and results are again mixed. The diversity of methodologies might partly explain the heterogeneity of these results. Focusing on overall diet quality rather than fruit and vegetable consumption, taking into account multiple characteristics of the foodscape, as well as socioeconomic and contextual differences, might be part of the solution for more consistent results. Consequently, results of such studies could help shape foodscapes, which present a great opportunity for promoting healthier and eventually more sustainable diets.