A cluster source for photoelectron spectroscopy in VUV and X-ray ranges

A detailed description of a custom-made gas aggregation cluster source is given as well as of its coupling to permanent molecular beam end-stations of the beamlines DESIRS and PLEIADES at the French national facility synchrotron SOLEIL. Using (hydrated) hypoxanthine clusters as a case study, the production of clusters with different source parameters is discussed based on Vacuum Ultra-Violet (VUV) mass spectrometry. The ability of the cluster source to perform photoelectron spectroscopy is illustrated by photoelectron spectra obtained for valence and core shells. Graphic abstract