Distinct Pathological Pathways in Patients With Heart Failure and Diabetes

The aims of this study were to compare the characteristics of patients with and without diabetes and to use network analyses to compare biomarker profiles and associated pathways in patients with diabetes compared with those without diabetes, which might offer new avenues for potential therapeutic targets. Diabetes adversely affects clinical outcomes and complicates treatment in patients with heart failure (HF). A clear understanding of the pathophysiological processes associated with type 2 diabetes in HF is lacking. Network and pathway over-representation analyses were performed to identify unique pathological pathways in patients with and without diabetes using 92 biomarkers from different pathophysiological domains measured in plasma samples from 1,572 patients with HF (31% with diabetes) with reduced ejection fraction (left ventricular ejection fraction