Enhanced near-ambient temperature energy storage and electrocaloric effect in the lead-free BaTi0.89Sn0.11O3 ceramic synthesized by sol–gel method

Lead-free perovskite materials with high performance have high potential in clean energy storage applications and developments of electrocaloric devices. This work reports structural, dielectric, ferroelectric, energy storage, and electrocaloric properties near the ambient temperature in barium stannate titanate (BaTi 0.89 Sn 0.11 O 3, BTS 11 ) ceramic prepared by a sol–gel method. A single perovskite structure formation was confirmed using the X-ray diffraction analysis. Average grain size of 18.5 µm was found by the mean of the SEM micrograph with a density of 5.91 g/cm 3 . The multiphase coexistence at very near ambient temperature was proved using temperature-dependent micro-Raman measurements and differential scanning calorimetry. The BTS 11 ceramic exhibits a high dielectric constant of 15,460 and a low dielectric loss (