Orchestrating Human Systems Integration Looking for the Right Mix for Human‐Machine Teaming

Human systems integration (HSI) is commonly thought as the association of human‐centered design (HCD) and systems engineering (SE). HCD relies on human‐in‐the‐loop simulation (HITLS) and artificial intelligence (AI). In addition, AI and SE terminologies, methods, and tools should be harmonized in the context of human‐machine teaming (HMT). Evolutions from singleagent to multi‐agent approaches in AI, and from isolated‐system to system‐of‐systems in SE are comparable. System and agent representations commonly apply to humans and machines. They are defined by their structures and functions. Based on research currently developed on HCD of increasingly‐autonomous complex systems, this paper uses the Orchestra metaphor model that supports HMT organization design and management, based on: domain ontology (music theory); tasks and designers (scores and composers); activity and performance coordination (conductors); human/machine operators (musicians); end‐users and consumers (audience). This approach requires elicitation, understanding and mastery of new interdependences, co‐adaptation, and integration of agents’ emerging functions using HITLS.