Optical and Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for the Detection of Quinolones

One major concern associated with food safety is related to residual effects of antibiotics that are widely used to treat animals and result in antimicrobial resistance. Among different groups of antibiotic, the use of quinolones in livestock is of major concern due to the significance of these antimicrobial drugs for the treatment of a range of infectious diseases in humans. Therefore, it is desirable to develop reliable methods for the rapid, sensitive, and on-site detection of quinolone residue levels in animal-derived foods to ensure food safety. Sensors and biosensors are promising future platforms for rapid and on-site monitoring of antibiotic residues. In this review, we focus on recent advancements and modern approaches in quinolone sensors and biosensors. Detection of quinolone residues in animal-derived foods is vital to ensure public health and avoid antimicrobial resistance. Electrochemical and optical sensors and biosensors are powerful analytical tools for real-time analysis of various samples. Immunochromatographic strip-based optical assays are useful for the rapid and on-site detection of quinolones. Electrochemical sensors with high sensitivity and selectivity have the potential for miniaturization and fabrication of portable devices, which are preferred in diagnostic fields, such as food quality control. Integration of nanomaterials in sensors and biosensors results in assays with higher sensitivity and rapid response.