New dynamic three-dimensional MRI technique for shoulder kinematic analysis: Dynamic MRI Technique for Shoulder

Purpose: To establish a new imaging technique using dynamic MRI three-dimensional (3D) volumetric acquisition in real-time, on six normal shoulders for the analysis of the 3D shoulder kinematics during continuous motion.Materials and Methods: At first, a standard static acquisition was performed. Then, fast images were obtained with a multi-slice 3D balanced gradient echo sequence to get a real time series during the initial phase of shoulder abduction. Subsequently, the images were reconstructed; registered and the translational patterns of the humeral head relative to the glenoid and the size of the subacromial space were calculated. Additionally, the intraobserver reproducibility was tested.Results: The maximal abduction was on average 43° (30° to 60°) and the mean width of the subacromial space was 7.7 mm (SD: ± 1.2 mm). Difference between extreme values and average values was low, respectively 2.5 mm on X-axis, 2 mm on Y-axis, 1.4 mm for the width of the subacromial space and 1.2° for the measure of the glenohumeral abduction.Conclusion: This study reported a dynamic MRI protocol for the monitoring of shoulder 3D kinematics during continuous movement. The results suggest that there is no superior shift of the humeral head during the first phase of abduction