The use of invertebrate soil fauna in monitoring pollutant effects

A critical review of biological parameters used to indicate pollutant impact on soil quality was conducted. These parameters mention some soil invertebrates. The value of an indicative organism depends on its life expectancy, life style and specific importance. Nematodes, mites, collembolans, enchytraeids, earthworms, isopods and molluscs are good potential biological indicators. Biological indicators of bioaccumulation and biological indicators of effects (toxicological and ecological) can be distinguished. Bioaccumulation studies are difficult to interpret, as wide variations could be found, depending on taxonomic group, habitat, organ studied, soil type or even pollutant type. Some groups, such as Collembola, require in depth bioaccumulation studies. It is suggested to use a pool of macro-concentrators, including at least some earthworm, isopod and gastropod species. Toxicological indicators have been well studied and their lethal and sublethal pollutant effects are well known. However, studies have focused on only a few species, such as the earthworm Eisenia foetida or the collembolan Folsomia candida. These studies should be extended to other zoological groups, as well as to several species from the same group, to generate a representative test battery. Exposure biomarkers and physiological change studies should be emphasised, as they act as very early warning systems of contamination. Data are currently lacking on how soil biological processes malfunction due to pollution. We need to explore the links between pollutant effects on soil fauna and pollutant effects on soil functioning. Concerning ecological indicators, studies should develop sampling techniques and parameters, which are specific to ecotoxicological goals. Before-after impact control procedures should be carried out, to eliminate the background noise of the study site and only evaluate the influence of pollutants. On the other hand, ecological indices, such as taxonomic diversity or richness, should be used carefully especially concerning chronic pollution. Effects of pollutants on biological cycle studies seem very promising, but need further information on the life history strategies of many species. Furthermore, the pollutant tolerance of rare species should be considered. The different types of biological indicators yield complementary information on pollutant effects. They all need standard procedures. In this context, studies should be extended and diversified, and associate bioacc