Xanthophyll biosynthesis. Cloning, expression, functional reconstitution, and regulation of beta-cyclohexenyl carotenoid epoxidase from pepper (Capsicum annuum)

Pepper (Capsicum annuum) beta-cyclohexenyl xanthophyll epoxidase cDNA was cloned and the corresponding enzyme overexpressed and purified from Escherichia coli, for investigation of its catalytic activity. The recombinant protein did not directly accept NADPH for epoxidation of cyclohexenyl carotenoids, nor did it operate according to a peroxygenase-based mechanism. Instead, the reducing power of NADPH was transferred to the epoxidase via reduced ferredoxin as shown by reconstitution of epoxidase activity in the presence of NADPH, ferredoxin oxidoreductase, and ferredoxin. Bacterial rubredoxin could be substituted for ferredoxin. The pepper epoxidase acted specifically on the beta-ring of xanthophylls such as beta-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, and antheraxanthin. The proposed reaction mechanism for epoxidation involves the formation of a transient carbocation. This characteristic allows selective inhibition of the epoxidase activity by different nucleophilic diethylamine derivatives, p-dimethylaminobenzenediazonium fluoroborate and N,N-dimethyl-2-phenylaziridinium. It was also shown that the epoxidase gene was up-regulated during oxidative stress and when chloroplasts undergo differentiation into chromoplasts in pepper fruit.