Development and Comparison of Four Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Systems for Specific Detection and Quantification of Zea mays L

Four real-time polymerase chain reaction systems aiming at the specific detection and quantification of maize DNA are described. They have been developed in four independent laboratories targeting different maize sequences, i.e., alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh1), high mobility group protein (hmga), invertase A (ivr1), and zein, respectively. They were all fully specific, showing a very similar quantification accuracy along a number of distantly related maize cultivars and being either single or low copy number genes. They were highly sensitive and exhibited limits of quantification below 100 maize genomic copies. In consequence, they are considered suitable for use as maize specific endogenous reference genes in DNA analyses, including GMO quantitative tests. Keywords: Zea mays; maize; corn; alcohol dehydrogenase; Adh1; high mobility group protein; hmga; invertase A; ivr1; zein; quantitative, real-time PCR; GMO detection; endogenous reference gene