In vivo and in vitro effects of prochloraz and nonylphenol ethoxylates on trout spermatogenesis

We investigated the effects of in vivo exposure to non-lethal concentrations of two chemicals commonly discharged into the aquatic environment, prochloraz and nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO – Igepal® 210), on the development of spermatogenesis in trout. The in vitro effects on basal and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) stimulated DNA synthesis by early germ cells were also studied. In vivo, rainbow trout were exposed for 2 or 3 weeks to waterborne prochloraz (21 and 175 nmol/l) and/or NP2EO (68–970 nmol/l) renewed continuously, or periodically. Only the highest concentrations of NP2EO (225–970 nmol/l) induced a significant increase in blood plasma vitellogenin in juvenile or maturing male trout. When prepubertal fish were exposed for 15 days to prochloraz, the spermatogenetic process was significantly inhibited as shown by the stage of gonadal development reached 3 weeks after exposure. This effect was, to a great extent, reversible within 9 weeks post-exposure. When fish in the initial stage of spermatogenesis were exposed for 21–27 days to 580 nmol/l NP2EO, a 20–40% reduction of the gonadosomatic index was observed 4.5 weeks post-exposure, and the spermatogenetic process was partly inhibited. In vitro, testicular cells obtained at different stages of spermatogenesis were cultured for 4.5 days in the presence or not of the tested molecules and with IGF-I or not. 3H-thymidine ( 3H-Tdr) incorporation was measured according to Loir (Mol. Reprod. Dev. 53 (1999) 424) and 125I-IGF-I specific binding was determined according to Le Gac et al. (Mol. Reprod. Dev. 44 (1996) 35). Irrespective of the spermatogenetic stage, basal 3H-Tdr incorporation was decreased by prochloraz concentrations ⩾10 μmol/l. The presence of IGF-I (10–100 ng/ml) stimulated 3H-Tdr incorporation; this response to IGF-I began to decrease at 25–50 μmol/l prochloraz. In parallel, a dose-dependent increase of IGF-I specific binding was induced by prochloraz 1–100 μmol/l. Similarly, basal and IGF-I-stimulated 3H-Tdr incorporation was decreased by nonylphenol polyethoxylate (NpnEO; starting at 10 μmol/l), NP2EO and NP (30 μmol/l); a dose-dependent increase of IGF-I specific binding was also induced by NP and NPnEO. While 1–100 nmol/l 17β-estradiol had no effect in our in vitro system, Triton® X-100 acted as NPnEO on 3H-Tdr incorporation. Beside their known endocrine disrupting effects on sex steroid production or action, these lipophilic molecules could act on germ cells by disrupting cell mem