Online-monitoring of tree water stress in a hedgerow olive orchard using the leaf patch clamp pressure probe

► When Ψ stem < −1.7 MPa half-inversed or completely inversed diurnal P p curves were recorded. ► This was reversible: normal P p curves were recorded within a few days after rewatering. ► Information on water stress was derived from the inversed P p curves. ► An early detection of water stress can be achieved with LPCP probes installed in the east part of the canopy. ► The LPCP probe is an advantageous alternative to the pressure chamber in hedgerow olive orchards. The need for sophisticated irrigation strategies in fruit tree orchards has led to an increasing interest in reliable and robust sensor technology that allows automatic and continuous recording of the water stress of trees under field conditions. In this work we have evaluated the potential of the leaf patch clamp pressure (LPCP) probe for monitoring water stress in a 4-year-old ‘Arbequina’ hedgerow olive orchard with 1667 trees ha −1. The leaf patch output pressure ( P p) measured by the LPCP probe is inversely correlated with the leaf turgor pressure (>50 kPa). Measurements of P p were made over the entire irrigation season of 2010 (April to November) on control trees, irrigated up to 100% of the crop water needs (ET c), and on trees under two regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) strategies. The 60RDI trees received 59.2% of ET c and the 30RDI trees received 29.4% of ET c. In the case of the RDI trees the irrigation amounts were particularly low during July and August, when the trees are less sensitive to water stress. At severe water stress levels (values of stem water potential dropped below ca. −1.70 MPa; turgor pressure < 50 kPa) half-inversed or completely inversed diurnal P p curves were observed. Reason for these phenomena is the accumulation of air in the leaves. These phenomena were reversible. Normal diurnal P p profiles were recorded within a few days after rewatering, the number depending on the level of water stress previously reached. This indicates re-establishment of turgescence of the leaf cells. Crucial information about severe water stress was derived from the inversed diurnal P p curves. In addition P p values measured on representative trees of all treatments were compared with balancing pressure ( P b) values recorded with a pressure chamber on leaves taken from the same trees or neighbored trees exposed to the same irrigation strategies. Concomitant diurnal P b measurements were performed in June and September, i.e. before and after the period of great water stress subjec