Enduring Effects of Infant Memories: Infant Odor-Shock Conditioning Attenuates Amygdala Activity and Adult Fear Conditioning

Background Early life adverse experience alters adult emotional and cognitive development. Here we assess early life learning about adverse experience and its consequences on adult fear conditioning and amygdala activity. Methods Neonatal rats were conditioned daily from 8-12 days-old with paired odor (conditioned stimulus, CS) .5mA shock, unpaired, odor-only, or naive (no infant conditioning). In adulthood, each infant training group was divided into three adult training groups: paired, unpaired or odor-only, using either the same infant CS odor, or a novel adult CS odor without or with the infant CS present as context. Adults were cue tested for freezing (odor in novel environment), with amygdala14 C 2-DG autoradiography and electrophysiology assessment. Results Infant paired odor-shock conditioning attenuated adult fear conditioning, but only if the same infant CS odor was used. The14 C 2-DG activity correlated with infant paired odor-shock conditioning produced attenuated amygdala but heightened olfactory bulb activity. Electrophysiological amygdala assessment further suggests early experience causes changes in amygdala processing as revealed by increased paired-pulse facilitation in adulthood. Conclusions This suggests some enduring effects of early life adversity (shock) are under CS control and dependent upon learning for their impact on later adult fear learning.