High cooling rates and metastable phases at the interfaces of explosively welded materials

During an explosion, the interfaces of welded materials experience fast heating due to high strain rate severe plastic deformation. This leads to the formation of local zones, where melting and mixing of welded materials is observed. These zones are frequently referred to as vortexes, eddies or swirls, due to the specific rotational movement of materials during mixing. This study is primarily devoted to the discussion of the structures that appear in these zones. Simple approaches to estimate the heating and cooling rates at the interfaces between explosively welded materials were proposed. It was concluded that the heating rate at the interfaces was of the order of 109 K/s, while the cooling rate achieved 107 K/s. Several combinations of explosively welded alloys (steel/steel, Ti alloy/steel, Zr/Cu, Zr/Ni, Ta/Cu, Al/magnesium alloy and Cu/brass) were thoroughly analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. In most of these combinations, metastable crystalline, quasicrystalline or glassy phases were observed. The formation of different types of metastable phases is discussed with respect to the compositions of the welded alloys. It was concluded that solidification conditions at the interfaces of explosively welded materials are similar to those during rapid solidification. Thus, the results of numerous experiments on rapid solidification of alloys could be applied to analyze the structures that appear in mixing zones. [Display omitted]