Degradation of the Poliovirus 1 genome by chlorine dioxide

This study was undertaken to gain an understanding of the factors that influence viral RNA degradation in the presence of chlorine dioxide (ClO₂), which will be very useful in helping to define the significance of the presence of the viral genome in disinfected water. We focused our investigation on the influence of ClO₂ on extracted RNA on the one hand, and on the infectious virus on the other. Our first results show that RNA degradation, like viral inactivation, is dose dependent. The influence of the spatial organization of the targeted genomic sequence, as well as that of its size and location (and/or sequence) on degradation of the Poliovirus 1 genome by ClO₂, was studied using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results show that the preferential sites of action of ClO₂ appear to be located in the untranslated regions, 5[prime]- and 3[prime]-UTR, a phenomenon influenced by both the presence of secondary structures and the genomic sequence in these regions. Our results also reveal a rapid decrease of infectious particles quantified by the cell culture for the applied dose. Comparison between cell culture and real-time PCR for viral detection reveals disagreement following disinfection treatment, even for the largest targeted fragment (a 6989-base fragment representing the quasi-whole viral genome). The detection of genome fragments is insufficient to confirm the presence of the infectious virus, as each targeted fragment shows a different sensitivity. Hence, the smallest targeted fragment (76 bp) persisted throughout the analysis period, while the longest targeted fragment (6989 bp) disappeared very rapidly. Highly sensitive regions (i.e. 5[prime]- and 3[prime]-UTR) should be targeted to avoid an overestimation of the risk of viral infection using molecular biology methods in water following disinfection. Further studies in this area are needed. To date, it has not been possible to routinely apply virological controls to drinking water because of the time-consuming nature of the gold standard technique (cell culture) and its inability to detect all serotypes (e.g. Norovirus). Molecular techniques (e.g. real-time RT-PCR) constitute a solution to the rapid and specific detection of all the serotypes. However, ignorance of the mechanisms of viral degradation prevents the validation of PCR for the measurement of the risk of infection to humans following disinfection treatment.