Impact of lime and mineral fertilizers on soil stability for soil pHs

Application of lime and fertilizers might impact soil properties by affecting their physico-chemical parameters. The focus of the Versailles 42-plots experiment that was started in 1929 has always been to determine in fallow conditions the impact of mineral fertilization over time on the physico-chemical properties of a loamy soil. This paper's aim is to assess the impact of long-term mineral fertilization on mechanical strength and soil stability. Soil samples of similar texture and bulk density were taken from the 42-plots site, with pH ranging from 3.5 to 8.2. Aggregate stability followed the procedure of Le Bissonnais (1996). Compression tests were performed in drained conditions and short loading time (300 s). Remolded and saturated soil samples were used to focus on the impact of chemical changes due to repeated fertilization. The pre-compression stress values Pc were derived from compression curves using various model fits according the shape of curve. Chemical discrepancies among soils provided from pH, organic matter and diversity of treatments. The decrease of pH reduced the cationic exchange capacity (CEC) value due to the protonation of variable charges and retention of positively charged hydroxyl-Al polymers. Exchangeable aluminum represented up to 90% of the CEC in acid soils as calcium ions represented from 80 to 98% of CEC with increasing pH of neutral and alkaline soils. Compression curves showed different global shapes according pH values and the contrasted behavior of acid soils when compared to other ones. The Pc values of highly acid soils were much greater than other treatments (greater than 150 kPa compared with 30 kPa). Nevertheless their Pc values decreased down to 40 kPa, when soils were air-dried before compression. Meanwhile the deformation rate decreased when the pH dropped. This lower deformation cannot be explained by kinetic aspects and was not sensitive to drying. So the hypothesis of a set of yield stress avoiding drainage of the water phase and limiting soil compression was proposed. Aggregate stability tests revealed the unstable nature of all plots especially with the highly acid soils. The size distributions of fragment were very similar for all three tests with a narrow distribution in elementary particle class suggesting the predominance of dispersion in fragmentation process. But we found opposite results for this soil by comparing mechanical strength and water stability of aggregates. This contrast raised the quest