Molecular markers as a tool for population and evolutionary studies of stingless bees

Molecular markers are widely used in biology to address questions related to ecology, genetics and evolution. In bees, molecular studies addressing those issues have focused on Apis and Apis mellifera. Here we describe examples where molecular markers from mtDNA and microsatellite analyses were applied to stingless bees species. The data obtained, although in some cases preliminary, have already proven useful to infer hypotheses about phylogeny, population dynamics, species validity and the evolution of this group of bees.