Total and specific fluid consumption as determinants of bladder cancer risk

We pooled the data from 6 case‐control studies of bladder cancer with detailed information on fluid intake and water pollutants, particularly trihalomethanes (THM), and evaluated the bladder cancer risk associated with total and specific fluid consumption. The analysis included 2,729 cases and 5,150 controls. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for fluid consumption were adjusted for age, gender, study, smoking status, occupation and education. Total fluid intake was associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer in men. The adjusted OR for 1 l/day increase in intake was 1.08, (95% CI 1.03–1.14, p‐value for linear trend 3.5 l/day) as compared to those in the lowest (≤2 l/day). An increased risk was associated with intake of tap water. OR for >2 l/day vs. ≤0.5 l/day was 1.46 (1.20–1.78), with a higher risk among men (OR = 1.50, 1.21–1.88). No increased risk was observed for the same intake groups of nontap water in men (OR = 0.97, 0.77–1.22) or in women (OR = 0.85, 0.50–1.42). Increased bladder cancer risks were observed for an intake of >5 cups of coffee daily vs.