Designating networks of chemosynthetic ecosystem reserves in the deep sea

From the moment of their discovery, chemosynthetic ecosystems in the deep sea have held intrinsic scientific value. At the same time that the scientific community is studying chemosynthetic ecosystems other sectors are either engaged in, or planning for, activities that may adversely impact these ecosystems. There is a need and opportunity now to develop conservation strategies for networks of chemosynthetic ecosystem reserves in national and international waters through collaboration among concerned stakeholders. Human activities at deep-sea chemosynthetic habitats (vents and seeps) are increasing, often in advance of–or coincident with–discovery and development of conservation strategies. The timelines portrayed here track the discovery, conservation activities, and development of international regulatory infrastructure for exploration and exploitation of polymetallic sulfides (copper-, zinc-, and other metal-rich ores) at hydrothermal vents in the deep sea. [Display omitted] ► Chemosynthetic ecosystems have commercial, scientific, and biodiversity values. ► Ongoing and emerging human activities may adversely affect chemosynthetic ecosystems. ► The Dinard Guidelines call for establishment of networks of chemosynthetic ecosystem reserves.