Flow Patterns in a Four-Branch Junction with Supercritical Flow

This paper describes the flow structures that occur in a 90° junction of four open channels with supercritical flow in two orthogonal inlet channels. An experimental facility was constructed to permit the measurement of flow rates, water depths, and the positions of hydraulic jumps in the channels. The various flow patterns which appear depend on the characteristics of the incoming flows and can be classified into three main types, depending on the location and shape of the hydraulic jumps that develop. These jumps can either be normal to the flow and located in the upstream channels, or can be oblique and confined within the junction. The explanation for the existence of various flow patterns is derived from previous studies of the rapid deflection of supercritical flow. A detailed description of each flow regime is provided, with information on the surface elevations, the behavior of the hydraulic jumps, the deflections of the incoming flows, and the formation and characteristics of recirculation zones.