Detection of Gymnodimine-A and 13-Desmethyl C Spirolide Phycotoxins by Fluorescence Polarization

The gymnodimines and spirolides are phycotoxins classified into a heterogeneous group of marine biocompounds called cyclic imines. Although there is no clear evidence of their toxicity to humans, gymnodimines and spirolides are highly toxic to rodents and constitute a source of false positives in lipophilic toxin detection by the mouse bioassay. Using nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-enriched membranes of Torpedo, and fluorescent α-bungarotoxin, we developed a fluorescence polarization assay to detect and quantify gymnodimine-A and 13-desmethyl C spirolide. The presence of these cyclic imines in solution inhibited the interaction of fluorescent-labeled α-bungarotoxin with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in a concentration-dependent manner. The sensitivity of the assay is in the order of nanomolar concentrations of gymnodimine and 13-desmethyl C spirolide. Okadaic acid, yessotoxin, and brevetoxin-2, three lipophilic marine toxins, did not interfere with this assay. A suitable extraction method in shellfish was also developed. The gymnodimine-A and 13-desmethyl C spirolide recovery rates of mussel matrix extraction with acetone/chloroform were 63.6% ± 3.5% and 87.4% ± 5.3%, respectively. In summary, this inhibition assay is capable of gymnodimine-A and 13-desmethyl C spirolide detection in mussel extracts with enough sensitivity and specificity to quantify these toxins in the range of 50−2000 μg/kg and 70−700 μg/kg of shellfish meat, respectively.