Signature of magnetic monopole and Dirac string dynamics in spin ice

Magnetic monopoles have for a long time eluded detection by experiment. Theory now identifies a signature of monopole dynamics that is measurable experimentally, and that has already been seen in magnetic relaxation measurements in a spin-ice material. Magnetic monopoles have eluded experimental detection since their prediction nearly a century ago by Dirac 1 . It was recently shown that classical analogues of these enigmatic particles can occur as excitations out of the topological ground state of a model magnetic system, dipolar spin ice 2 . These quasi-particle excitations do not require a modification of Maxwell’s equations, but they do interact through Coulomb’s law and are of magnetic origin. Here, we present an experimentally measurable signature of monopole dynamics. In particular, we show that previous magnetic relaxation measurements in the spin-ice material Dy 2 Ti 2 O 7 (ref. 3 ) can be interpreted entirely in terms of the diffusive motion of monopoles in the grand canonical ensemble, constrained by a network of ‘Dirac strings’ filling the quasi-particle vacuum. In a magnetic field, the topology of the network prevents charge flow in the steady state. Nevertheless, we demonstrate the existence of a monopole density gradient near the surface of an open system.