Mapping the oculomotor system: the power of transneuronal labelling with rabies virus

Neuronal networks underlying and related to horizontal eye movements were visualized by retrograde transneuronal tracing with rabies virus from the left medial rectus muscle in guinea pigs. Time‐sequenced labelling revealed distinct circuitries involved in particular oculomotor functions, i.e. vestibulo‐ocular reflex and saccade generation (brainstem circuitry), adaptive plasticity (cerebellar modules) and possibly motivation and navigation (limbic, hippocampal and cortical structures). Our results provide a first comprehensive road map of the oculomotor system that is unsurpassed by any previous tracing study. We report a number of unexpected findings that illustrate a much vaster and more complicated network for the control of the relatively simple horizontal eye movements than had been envisioned previously.