Effect of the support on the basic and catalytic properties of KF

KF supported by various supports was characterized by DTG-DTA coupled with mass spectral analysis of the gases evolved by the solid, in situ XRD, calorimetry, 19F NMR spectroscopy, and tested in the Michael addition of cyclohexene-2-one with nitroalkanes. After dehydration at low temperatures, from 19F NMR spectroscopy F is in part as KF when the support is α-alumina but only as K 3AlF 6 when the support is γ-alumina. During activation no fluorine is lost. On α-alumina KF is detected by XRD only after calcination at about 723 K and results in part of the decomposition of K 3AlF 6; it disappears with formation of K 2AlF 5 and KAlO 2 at higher temperatures. A comparison of the results obtained by XRD and NMR suggests that KF is well dispersed on α-alumina. KF/ α-alumina is a strong base, stronger than KF on γ-alumina, and more active for Michael reactions. On KF/ α-alumina the Michael condensation of 2-cyclohexen-1-one with nitroalkanes can be achieved in 5 min with an equimolar mixture of reactants. Solvent-free reactions can also be achieved reaching 75% yield in adduct after 8 h, and KF/ α-alumina is also active after simple drying at 393 K, avoiding the usual activation at higher temperatures.