SCIENCE AND CONSTRUCTION OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE: LOGICAL EMPIRICISM AND CRITICAL RATIONALISM/CIENCIA E CONSTRUCAO DO CONHECIMENTO CIENTIFICO: O EMPIRISMO LOGICO E O RACIONALISMO CRITICO/CIENCIA Y CONSTRUCCION DEL CONOCIMIENTO CIENTIFICO: EMPIRISMO LOGICO Y RACIONALISMO CRITICO

Introduction: This article tries to reflect on what scientific knowledge is, considering the idea of modern science. To this end, a tour through the construction of modern philosophical thought is presented, to reflect on the elementary aspects for the constitution of what we currently have as science, differentiating it from other knowledge. In this sense, scientific knowledge starts from problems and seeks solutions through the application of methodological rigors that are, in a way, lenses to see what does not seem so obvious to common sense, for example. But, in order for there to be a consolidation of what science is today, there was a long construction process in recent centuries, in particular. However, as it is a human-social construction, it will never be a finished product, which is important because it follows the demands of each time. Therefore, even though it is not intended here to present a valuation between the ways of knowing and explaining the world, the process of constructing scientific knowledge was discussed and how this knowledge is imbued with methodological rigors that allow it a remarkable degree of veracity, even though it is not definitive and unique. To construct this article, bibliographical research was used based on the reading of several authors related to the subject of science and scientific thought. Keywords: Philosophical thinking; scientific thinking; logical empiricism; critical rationalism. Introducao: Este artigo trata de refletir sobre o que significa conhecimento cientifico, considerando a ideia de ciencia moderna. Para isso, apresenta-se um passeio pela construcao do pensamento filosofico moderno, para refletir sobre os aspectos elementares para a constituicao do que se tem atualmente como ciencia, diferenciandose de outros tipos de conhecimento. Nesse sentido, o conhecimento cientifico parte de problemas e busca solucoes por intermedio da aplicacao dos rigores metodologicos que sao, de certa maneira, lentes para enxergar aquilo que nao parece tao obvio para o senso comum, por exemplo. Mas, para que hoje se tenha uma consolidacao do que e ciencia, houve um longo processo de construcao nos ultimos seculos, em especial. Todavia, por ser uma construcao humano-social, nunca sera um produto acabado, o que e importante porque acompanha as demandas de cada tempo. Portanto, mesmo que nao se pretenda, aqui, apresentar valoracao entre as formas de conhecer e explicar o mundo, foi discutido o processo de construcao do saber