Temperature sensitivity of dark CO.sub.2 fixation in temperate forest soils

Globally, soil temperature to 1 m depth is predicted to be up to 4 .sup." C warmer by the end of this century, with pronounced effects expected in temperate forest regions. Increased soil temperatures will potentially increase the release of carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) from temperate forest soils, resulting in important positive feedback on climate change. Dark CO.sub.2 fixation by microbes can recycle some of the released soil CO.sub.2, and CO.sub.2 fixation rates are reported to increase under higher temperatures. However, research on the influence of temperature on dark CO.sub.2 fixation rates, particularly in comparison to the temperature sensitivity of respiration in soils of temperate forest regions, is missing. To determine the temperature sensitivity (Q.sub.10) of dark CO.sub.2 fixation and respiration rates, we investigated soil profiles to 1 m depth from beech (deciduous) and spruce (coniferous) forest plots of the Hummelshain forest, Germany. We used .sup.13 C-CO.sub.2 labelling and incubations of soils at 4 and 14 .sup." C to determine CO.sub.2 fixation and net soil respiration rates and derived the Q.sub.10 values for both processes with depth. The average Q.sub.10 for dark CO.sub.2 fixation rates normalized to soil dry weight was 2.07 for beech and spruce profiles, and this was lower than the measured average Q.sub.10 of net soil respiration rates with â¼2.98. Assuming these Q.sub.10 values, we extrapolated that net soil respiration might increase 1.16 times more than CO.sub.2 fixation under a projected 4 .sup." C warming. In the beech soil, a proportionally larger fraction of the label CO.sub.2 was fixed into soil organic carbon than into microbial biomass compared to the spruce soil. This suggests a primarily higher rate of microbial residue formation (i.e. turnover as necromass or release of extracellular products). Despite a similar abundance of the total bacterial community in the beech and spruce soils, the beech soil also had a lower abundance of autotrophs, implying a higher proportion of heterotrophs when compared to the spruce soil; hence this might partly explain the higher rate of microbial residue formation in the beech soil. Furthermore, higher temperatures in general lead to higher microbial residues formed in both soils. Our findings suggest that in temperate forest soils, CO.sub.2 fixation might be less responsive to future warming than net soil respiration and could likely recycle less CO.sub.2 respired from temperate forest s