The Potential Predictive Role of Tumour Necrosis Factor-[alpha], Interleukin-1[beta], and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 for COVID-19 Patients Survival

Background: Tumour necrosis factor-[alpha] (TNF-[alpha]), interleukin-1[beta] (IL-1[beta]), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) are early phase cytokines often encountered when the body is exposed to severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated-coronavirus-2. TNF-[alpha], IL-1[beta], and MCP-1 are pro-inflammatory cytokines critical in the defence response against systemic infection and injury. Therefore, TNF-[alpha], IL-1[beta], and MCP-1 are the most aggressive responses to viral infections in the acute phase, so they can be used to determine the survival of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Purpose: The study aimed to determine the levels of TNF-[alpha], IL-1[beta], and MCP-1 as predictors of survival for COVID-19 patients. Patients and Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted on confirmed COVID-19 by a reverse-transcriptase-polymerasechain-reaction (RT-PCR) in 84 adults admitted to the hospital in Indonesia. TNF-[alpha], IL-1[beta], and MCP-1 level were measured from serum subjects using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The results from logistic regression modelling of the survival status of COVID-19 patients based on TNF-[alpha], IL-1[beta], and MCP-1 levels were significant (p-value=0.024). The predictors of all cytokines had P Wald