Effects of antioxidants to reduce the harmful pollutants from diesel engine using preheated palm oil–diesel blend

At present, IC engines are the primary power source in transit and must never be modified. The palm oil was collected from the palm tree and used in an internal combustion engine as an alternative fuel. In the present investigation, the palm oil is preheated to 110 °C using a heat exchanger to get a homogeneous mixture. The two additives, i.e., butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and n -butanol, were combined with preheated palm oil. The four fuels were prepared PN100, PND20, PND20 mixing with the 2000 ppm BHT of 1000 mL oil and other blends preheated PND20 palm oil mixing with the 2000 ppm n -butanol of 1000 mL oil. The blend 20 brake thermal efficiency was increased by 11.70% when compared with the mineral fuel, because the proper air–fuel mixture takes place. The oxides of nitrogen and smoke opacity were decreased by 15.32% and14.53%, respectively, for the blend of preheated palm oil and n -butanol as compared to mineral fuel due to the burning of more fuel through the combustion process. The hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions were decreased for PND20AB and PNDAN blends by 35.71% and 14.53%, respectively, as compared to diesel. The preheated palm oil mixed with antioxidants was utilized as the alternative fuel in the conventional engine.