Occurrence and seasonal variation of aflatoxin [M.sub.1] in raw cow milk collected from different regions of Algeria

Background and Aim: Aflatoxins are metabolites of molds that exert potentially toxic effect on animals and humans. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of aflatoxin [M.sub.1] ([AFM.sub.1]) in raw cow milk collected during 1 year (2016-2017) from different regions of Algeria and risk factors associated with the contamination. Materials and Methods: During the survey period, 84 samples of raw milk were collected in three regions of Algeria (northeast, north center, and northwest) during four seasons. [AFM.sub.1] levels were analyzed by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: [AFM.sub.1] was detected in 39 (46.43%) samples (total mean concentration, 71.92 ng/L; range, 95.59-557.22 ng/L). However, the [AFM.sub.1] levels exceeded the maximum tolerance limit set by the Food and Drug Administration in the USA (500 ng/L) in only 1 sample (1.19%). Statistical analysis revealed significant differences (p