The CU 2D-MAX-DOAS instrument - part 2: Raman Scattering Probability Measurements and Retrieval of Aerosol Optical Properties

The multiannual global mean of aerosol optical depth at 550 nm (AOD.sub.550) over land is ~0.19, and that over oceans is ~0.13. About 45% of the Earth surface shows AOD.sub.550 smaller than 0.1. There is a need for measurement techniques that are optimized to measure aerosol optical properties under low AOD conditions. We present an inherently calibrated retrieval (i.e., no need for radiance calibration) to simultaneously measure AOD and the aerosol phase function parameter, g, based on measurements of azimuth distributions of the Raman Scattering Probability (RSP), the near-absolute Rotational Raman Scattering (RRS) intensity. We employ Radiative Transfer Model simulations to show that solar azimuth RSP measurements are insensitive to the vertical distribution of aerosols, and maximally sensitive to changes in AOD and g under near molecular scattering conditions. The University of Colorado two dimensional Multi-AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (CU 2D-MAX-DOAS) instrument was deployed as part of the Two Column Aerosol Project (TCAP) at Cape Cod, MA, during the summer of 2012 to measure direct sun spectra, and RSP from scattered light spectra at solar relative azimuth angles (SRAA) between 5° and 170°. During two case study days with (1) high aerosol load (17 July, 0.3 < AOD.sub.430 < 0.6) and (2) near-molecular scattering conditions (22 July, AOD.sub.430 < 0.13) we compare RSP based retrievals of AOD.sub.430 and g with data from a co-located CIMEL sun photometer, Multi-Filter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (MFRSR), and airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL-2). The average difference (relative to DOAS) for AOD.sub.430 is: +0.012 ± 0.023 (CIMEL), --0.012 ± 0.024 (MFRSR), --0.011 ± 0.014 (HSRL-2), and +0.023 ± 0.013 (CIMEL -- MFSRS); and yields the following expressions for correlations between different instruments: DOAS.sub.AOD = --(0.019 ± 0.006) + (1.03 ± 0.02)·CIMEL.sub.AOD (R.sup.2 = 0.98), DOAS = --(0.006 ± 0.005) + (1.08 ± 0.02)·MFRSR.sub.AOD (R.sup.2 = 0.98), and CIMEL.sub.AOD = (0.013 ± 0.004) + (1.05 ± 0.01)·MFRSR = 0.99). The average g measured by DOAS on both days was 0.66 ± 0.03, with a difference of 0.014 ± 0.05 compared to CIMEL. Active steps to minimize RSP in the reference spectrum help to reduce the uncertainty in RSP retrievals of AOD and g. As AOD decreases, and solar zenith angle (SZA) increases the RSP signal-to-noise ratio increases. At AOD.sub.430 ~ 0.4 and 0.10 the absolute AOD errors are ~0.014 a