Meteorological modes of variability for fine particulate matter air quality in the United States: implications for PM.sub.2.5 sensitivity to climate change

We applied a multiple linear regression model to understand the relationships of PM.sub.2.5 with meteorological variables in the contiguous US and from there to infer the sensitivity of PM.sub.2.5 to climate change. We used 2004-2008 PM.sub.2.5 observations from ~1000 sites (~200 sites for PM.sub.2.5 components) and compared to results from the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model (CTM). All data were deseasonalized to focus on synoptic-scale correlations. We find strong positive correlations of PM.sub.2.5 components with temperature in most of the US, except for nitrate in the Southeast where the correlation is negative. Relative humidity (RH) is generally positively correlated with sulfate and nitrate but negatively correlated with organic carbon. GEOS-Chem results indicate that most of the correlations of PM.sub.2.5 with temperature and RH do not arise from direct dependence but from covariation with synoptic transport. We applied principal component analysis and regression to identify the dominant meteorological modes controlling PM.sub.2.5 variability, and show that 20-40% of the observed PM.sub.2.5 day-to-day variability can be explained by a single dominant meteorological mode: cold frontal passages in the eastern US and maritime inflow in the West. These and other synoptic transport modes drive most of the overall correlations of PM.sub.2.5 with temperature and RH except in the Southeast. We show that interannual variability of PM.sub.2.5 in the US Midwest is strongly correlated with cyclone frequency as diagnosed from a spectral-autoregressive analysis of the dominant meteorological mode. An ensemble of five realizations of 1996-2050 climate change with the GISS general circulation model (GCM) using the same climate forcings shows inconsistent trends in cyclone frequency over the Midwest (including in sign), with a likely decrease in cyclone frequency implying an increase in PM.sub.2.5 . Our results demonstrate the need for multiple GCM realizations (because of climate chaos) when diagnosing the effect of climate change on PM.sub.2.5, and suggest that analysis of meteorological modes of variability provides a computationally more affordable approach for this purpose than coupled GCM-CTM studies.