Immune Modulation by Different Types of [beta]2[right arrow]1-Fructans Is Toll-Like Receptor Dependent

[beta]2[right arrow]1-fructans are dietary fibers. Main objectives of this study were 1) to demonstrate direct signalling of [beta]2[right arrow]1-fructans on immune cells, 2) to study whether this is mediated by the pattern recognition receptors Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain-containing proteins (NODs), and 3) to relate the observed effects to the chain length differences in [beta]2[right arrow]1-fructans. Four different [beta]2[right arrow]1-fructan formulations were characterised for their chain length profile. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated in vitro with [beta]2[right arrow]1-fructans, and production of IL-1Ra, IL-1[beta], IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, and TNF-[alpha] was analysed. Reporter cells for TLRs and NODs were incubated with [beta]2[right arrow]1-fructans and analysed for NF-[kappa]B/AP-1 activation. Cytokine production in human PBMCs was dose- and chain length-dependent. Strikingly, short chain enriched [beta]2[right arrow]1-fructans induced a regulatory cytokine balance compared to long chain enriched [beta]2[right arrow]1-fructans as measured by IL-10/IL-12 ratios. Activation of reporter cells showed that signalling was highly dependent on TLRs and their adapter, myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88). In human embryonic kidney reporter cells, TLR2 was prominently activated, while TLR4, 5, 7, 8, and NOD2 were mildly activated. [beta]2[right arrow]1-fructans possess direct signalling capacity on human immune cells. By activating primarily TLR2, and to a lesser extent TLR4, 5, 7, 8, and NOD2, [beta]2[right arrow]1-fructan stimulation results in NF-[kappa]B/AP-1 activation. Chain length of [beta]2[right arrow]1-fructans is important for the induced activation pattern and IL-10/IL-12 ratios.