Influence of glucosamine on the bioactivity of insulin delivered subcutaneously and in an oral nanodelivery system

The aim of the work reported herein was to study the effect of glucosamine HCl (GlcN x HCl) on the bioactivity (BA) of insulin, administered via subcutaneous (SC) and oral routes, in adult male Sprague Dawley rats. The oral insulin delivery system (insulin chitosan reverse micelle [IC-RM]) was prepared by solubilizing insulin-chitosan (13 kDa) polyelectrolyte complex in a RM system consisting of oleic acid, PEG-8 caprylic/capric glycerides, and polyglycerol-6-dioleate. The BA of insulin in vivo was evaluated by measuring blood glucose level using a blood glucose meter; the results revealed that the extent of hypo glycemic activity of SC insulin was GlcN x HCl dose dependent when they were administered simultaneously. A significant reduction in blood glucose levels (P