The influence of lead concentration on photocatalytic reduction of Pb ions assisted by Cu-Ti[O.sub.2] nanotubes

[Cu.sup.2+] ions were successfully loaded into Ti[O.sub.2] nanotubes using wet impregnation technique in 0.6 M Cu[(N[O.sub.3]).sub.2] * 3[H.sub.2]O solution. The effect of reaction temperatures on the nanotube's morphology, crystal structure, and their photocatalytic reduction of Pb(II) ions were investigated. The high reaction temperature could improve the crystallinity of anatase phase. However, irregular and corrugated nanotubular surface covered with Cu precipitates was observed. In the present study, incorporation of an optimum content of Cu element (1.3 at%) into Ti[O.sub.2] nanotubes at room temperature has an important function in enhancing the photocatalytic reduction of Pb(II) ions in alkaline condition (pH 11) due to the higher synergistic effects of photocatalytic reaction under UV illumination. The optimum concentration of Pb(II) ions for effective Pb(II) ions removal performance was found in between 20 and 60 ppm.