A novel approach for the generation of genetically modified mammary epithelial cell cultures yields new insights into TGF[beta] signaling in the mammary gland

Introduction Molecular dissection of the signaling pathways that underlie complex biological responses in the mammary epithelium is limited by the difficulty of propagating large numbers of mouse mammary epithelial cells, and by the inability of ribonucleic acid interference-based knockdown approaches to fully ablate gene function. Here we describe a method for the generation of conditionally immortalized mammary epithelial cells with defined genetic defects, and we show how such cells can be used to investigate complex signal transduction processes using the transforming growth factor beta (TGF[beta])/Smad pathway as an example. Methods We intercrossed the previously described H-2Kb-tsA58 transgenic mouse (Immortomouse), which expresses a temperature-sensitive mutant of the simian virus-40 large T-antigen (tsTAg), with mice of differing Smad genotypes. Conditionally immortalized mammary epithelial cell cultures were derived from the virgin mammary glands of offspring of these crosses and were used to assess the Smad dependency of different biological responses to TGF[beta]. Results IMECs could be propagated indefinitely at permissive temperatures and had a stable epithelial phenotype, resembling primary mammary epithelial cells with respect to several criteria, including responsiveness to TGF[beta]. Using this panel of cells, we demonstrated that Smad3, but not Smad2, is necessary for TGF[beta]-induced apoptotic, growth inhibitory and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition responses, whereas either Smad2 or Smad3 can support TGF[beta]-induced invasion as long as a threshold level of total Smad is exceeded. Conclusions The present work demonstrates the practicality and utility of generating conditionally immortalized mammary epithelial cell lines from genetically modified Immortomice for detailed investigation of complex signaling pathways in the mammary epithelium.