Impaired innate immunity in [Tlr4.sup.-/-] mice but preserved CD[8.sup.+] T cell responses against Trypanosoma cruziin Tlr4-, Tlr2-, Tlr9- or Myd88-deficient mice

The murine model of T. cruzi infection has provided compelling evidence that development of host resistance against intracellular protozoans critically depends on the activation of members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family via the MyD88 adaptor molecule. However, the possibility that TLR/MyD88 signaling pathways also control the induction of immunoprotective CD[8.sup.+] T cell-mediated effector functions has not been investigated to date. We addressed this question by measuring the frequencies of IFN-γ secreting CD[8.sup.+] T cells specific for H-[2K.sup.b]-restricted immunodominant peptides as well as the in vivo Ag-specific cytotoxic response in infected animals that are deficient either in TLR2, TLR4, TLR9 or MyD88 signaling pathways. Strikingly, we found that T. cruzi-infected [Tlr2.sup.-/-], [Tlr4.sup.-/-], [Tlr9.sup.-/-] or [Myd88.sup.-/-] mice generated both specific cytotoxic responses and IFN-γ secreting CD[8.sup.+] T cells at levels comparable to WT mice, although the frequency of IFN-[γ.sup.+][CD4.sup.+] cells was diminished in infected [Myd88.sup.-/-] mice. We also analyzed the efficiency of TLR4-driven immune responses against T. cruzi using TLR4-deficient mice on the C57BL genetic background (B6 and B10). Our studies demonstrated that TLR4 signaling is required for optimal production of IFN-γ, TNF-α and nitric oxide (NO) in the spleen of infected animals and, as a consequence, [Tlr4.sup.-/-] mice display higher parasitemia levels. Collectively, our results indicate that TLR4, as well as previously shown for TLR2, TLR9 and MyD88, contributes to the innate immune response and, consequently, resistance in the acute phase of infection, although each of these pathways is not individually essential for the generation of class I-restricted responses against T. cruzi.