Common variant in MTNRIB associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes and impaired early insulin secretion

Genome-wide association studies have shown that variation in MTNRIB (melatonin receptor 113) is associated with insulin and glucose concentrations. Here we show that the risk genotype of this SNP predicts future type 2 diabetes J213) in two large prospective studies. Specifically, the risk genotype was associated with impairment of early insulin response to both oral and intravenous glucose and with faster deterioration of insulin secretion over time. We also show that the MTNRIB mRNA is expressed in human islets, and immunocytochemistry confirms that it is primarily localized in β cells in islets. Nondiabetic individuals carrying the risk allele and individuals with T2D showed increased expression of the receptor in islets. Insulin release from clonal β cells in response to glucose was inhibited in the presence of melatonin. These data suggest that the circulating hormone melatonin, which is predominantly released from the pineal gland in the brain, is involved in the pathogenesis of T2D. Given the increased expression of MTNR1 B in individuals at risk of T213, the pathogenic effects are likely exerted via a direct inhibitory effect on β cells. In view of these results, blocking the melatonin ligand-receptor system could be a therapeutic avenue in T2D.