p53 regulates glucose metabolism through an IKK-NF-κB pathway and inhibits cell transformation

Cancer cells use aerobic glycolysis preferentially for energy provision 1 , 2 and this metabolic change is important for tumour growth 3 , 4 . Here, we have found a link between the tumour suppressor p53, the transcription factor NF-κB and glycolysis. In p53-deficient primary cultured cells, kinase activities of IKKα and IKKβ and subsequent NF-κB activity were enhanced. Activation of NF-κB, by loss of p53, caused an increase in the rate of aerobic glycolysis and upregulation of Glut3 . Oncogenic Ras-induced cell transformation and acceleration of aerobic glycolysis in p53-deficient cells were suppressed in the absence of p65/NF-κB expression, and were restored by GLUT3 expression. It was also shown that a glycolytic inhibitor diminished the enhanced IKK activity in p53-deficient cells. Moreover, in Ras-expressing p53-deficient cells, IKK activity was suppressed by p65 deficiency and restored by GLUT3 expression. Taken together, these data indicate that p53 restricts activation of the IKK–NF-κB pathway through suppression of glycolysis. These results suggest that a positive-feedback loop exists, whereby glycolysis drives IKK–NF-κB activation, and that hyperactivation of this loop by loss of p53 is important in oncogene-induced cell transformation.