Pathogen attack and spatial patterns of juvenile mortality and growth in a temperate tree, Prunus grayana

To examine whether the Janzen-Connell hypothesis is valid in temperate forests, we investigated the density, growth, mortality, and agents of mortality of seedlings and the density, size, and age of saplings of Prunus grayana Maxim. at three distances (0-3, 6-10, and 16-26 m) from conspecific adults in a temperate forest in Japan. An inoculation experiment was also conducted to test the host range of a leaf pathogen. The probability of mortality was highest at 0-3 m during the first 2 years of growth. Mortality mainly resulted from distance-dependent attack by two types of pathogen that caused damping-off epidemics and spot symptoms on leaves. The leaf pathogen was identified as Phaeoisariopsis pruni-grayanae Sawada, which infected many more seedlings of Prunus grayana than of the two other tree species tested in an inoculation experiment. The vertical and diameter growth was lowest at 0-3 m and highest at 16-26 m in both seedlings and saplings. As a result, the greatest number of large and older saplings was observed at 16-26 m. Our results demonstrate that the Janzen-Connell mechanism operates in a beech-dominated forest in the temperate region of Japan.