Pain assessment and management of adult patients in the Swedish EMS: a nationwide registry study

Background Pain is a frequent reason for contacting the Emergency Medical Services (EMS), and effective pain management constitutes one of its cornerstones. The aims of this study have been: (a) to describe the prevalence of pain intensity ratings in EMS care of patients with pain-related conditions; (b) to describe pain treatment in the EMS setting in terms of drugs administered and the proportion of patients receiving analgesics and (c) to investigate the relationship between patients' self-reported pain intensity and vital signs. Methods This is a retrospective observational cohort study using data from 394,700 EMS missions conducted 2021 and 2022, as recorded in the Swedish Ambulance Registry. The study focused on patients who contacted the EMS due to pain, trauma, or injury. Pain intensity was recorded using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). NRS scores of 5-10 were considered as high-level pain and NRS [less than or equal to] 4 as low-level. Descriptive statistics were used to present categorical and continuous variables. Chi-square tests were applied for dichotomous variables, while Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for ordinal data. Logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify factors associated with pain intensity and analgesic treatment. p value < 0.001 was considered statistically significant. Results Pain intensity was recorded in 23.6% of cases. Most patients rated their pain as high-level (NRS 5-10, 57.4% of those assessed). Analgesics were administered in 27.5% of cases, with higher administration rates observed when pain intensity was documented. Female sex, higher breathing rates, and higher systolic blood pressure were associated with higher pain intensity, while increasing age was associated with lower odds of reporting high-level pain intensity. No significant association was found between heart rate and pain intensity. Conclusion This 2-year cohort study highlights significant deficiencies in recorded pain assessment and management in the Swedish EMS. Only 22.5% of the patients had their pain assessed with a validated scale, while 27.5% received analgesics, although pain-related conditions were a common reason for contacting the EMS. The findings indicate a lack of systematic pain assessment which puts many patients at risk of insufficient pain relief. Keywords: Pain, Pain assessment, Pain management, Prehospital, Emergency medical services, Ambulance services