A Review of Cu[sub.3]BiS[sub.3] Thin Films: A Sustainable and Cost-Effective Photovoltaic Material

The demand for sustainable and cost-effective materials for photovoltaic technology has led to an increasing interest in Cu[sub.3]BiS[sub.3] thin films as potential absorber layers. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the main physical properties, synthesis methods, and theoretical studies of Cu[sub.3]BiS[sub.3] thin films for photovoltaic applications. The high optical absorption coefficient and band gap energy around the optimal 1.4 eV make Cu[sub.3]BiS[sub.3] orthorhombic Wittichenite-phase a promising viable alternative to conventional thin film absorber materials such as CIGS, CZTS, and CdTe. Several synthesis techniques, including sputtering, thermal evaporation, spin coating, chemical bath deposition, and spray deposition, are discussed, highlighting their impact on film quality and photovoltaic performance. Density Functional Theory studies offer insights into the electronic structure and optical properties of Cu[sub.3]BiS[sub.3], aiding in the understanding of its potential for photovoltaic applications. Additionally, theoretical modeling of Cu3BiS3-based photovoltaic cells suggests promising efficiencies, although experimental challenges remain to be addressed. Overall, this review underscores the potential of CBS thin films as sustainable and cost-effective materials for future PV technology while also outlining the ongoing research efforts and remaining challenges in this field.