The Role of Zn Ions in the Structural, Surface, and Gas-Sensing Properties of SnO[sub.2]:Zn Nanocrystals Synthesized via a Microwave-Assisted Route

Although semiconducting metal oxide (SMOx) nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted attention as sensing materials, the methodologies available to synthesize them with desirable properties are quite limited and/or often require relatively high energy consumption. Thus, we report herein the processing of Zn-doped SnO[sub.2] NPs via a microwave-assisted nonaqueous route at a relatively low temperature (160 °C) and with a short treatment time (20 min). In addition, the effects of adding Zn in the structural, electronic, and gas-sensing properties of SnO[sub.2] NPs were investigated. X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed the single-phase of rutile SnO[sub.2], with an average crystal size of 7 nm. X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy measurements revealed the homogenous incorporation of Zn ions into the SnO[sub.2] network. Gas sensing tests showed that Zn-doped SnO[sub.2] NPs were highly sensitive to sub-ppm levels of NO[sub.2] gas at 150 °C, with good recovery and stability even under ambient moisture. We observed an increase in the response of the Zn-doped sample of up to 100 times compared to the pristine one. This enhancement in the gas-sensing performance was linked to the Zn ions that provided more surface oxygen defects acting as active sites for the NO[sub.2] adsorption on the sensing material.