Lysosomal [Ca.sup.2+] flux modulates automaticity in ventricular cardiomyocytes and correlates with arrhythmic risk

Automaticity involves [Ca.sup.2+] handling at the cell membrane and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Abnormal or acquired automaticity is thought to initiate ventricular arrhythmias associated with myocardial ischemia. [Ca.sup.2+] flux from mitochondria can influence automaticity, and lysosomes also release [Ca.sup.2+]. Therefore, we tested whether lysosomal [Ca.sup.2+] flux could influence automaticity. We studied ventricular human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs), hiPSC 3D engineered heart tissues (EHTs), and ventricular cardiomyocytes isolated from infarcted mice. Preventing lysosomal [Ca.sup.2+] cycling reduced automaticity in hiPSC-CMs. Consistent with a lysosomal role in automaticity, activating the transient receptor potential mucolipin channel (TRPML1) enhanced automaticity, and two channel antagonists reduced spontaneous activity. Activation or inhibition of lysosomal transcription factor EB (TFEB) increased or decreased total lysosomes and automaticity, respectively. In adult ischemic cardiomyocytes and hiPSC 3D EHTs, reducing lysosomal [Ca.sup.2+] release also inhibited automaticity. Finally, TRPML1 was up-regulated in cardiomyopathic patients with ventricular tachycardia (VT) compared with those without VT. In summary, lysosomal [Ca.sup.2+] handling modulates abnormal automaticity, and reducing lysosomal [Ca.sup.2+] release may be a clinical strategy for preventing ventricular arrhythmias. Keywords: automaticity, lysosome, calcium, human-induced pluripotent stem cell, cardiomyocytes