Multisensory Stimulation Reverses Memory Impairment in Adrβ[sub.3]KO Male Mice
Norepinephrine plays an important role in modulating memory through its beta-adrenergic receptors (Adrβ: β[sub.1], β[sub.2] and β[sub.3]). Here, we hypothesized that multisensory stimulation would reverse memory impairment caused by the inactivation of Adrβ[sub.3] (Adrβ[sub.3]KO) with consequent inh...
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Veröffentlicht in: | International journal of molecular sciences 2023-06, Vol.24 (13) |
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Sprache: | eng |
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Zusammenfassung: | Norepinephrine plays an important role in modulating memory through its beta-adrenergic receptors (Adrβ: β[sub.1], β[sub.2] and β[sub.3]). Here, we hypothesized that multisensory stimulation would reverse memory impairment caused by the inactivation of Adrβ[sub.3] (Adrβ[sub.3]KO) with consequent inhibition of sustained glial-mediated inflammation. To test this, 21- and 86-day-old Adrβ[sub.3]KO mice were exposed to an 8-week multisensory stimulation (MS) protocol that comprised gustatory and olfactory stimuli of positive and negative valence; intellectual challenges to reach food; the use of hidden objects; and the presentation of food in ways that prompted foraging, which was followed by analysis of GFAP, Iba-1 and EAAT2 protein expression in the hippocampus (HC) and amygdala (AMY). The MS protocol reduced GFAP and Iba-1 expression in the HC of young mice but not in older mice. While this protocol restored memory impairment when applied to Adrβ[sub.3]KO animals immediately after weaning, it had no effect when applied to adult animals. In fact, we observed that aging worsened the memory of Adrβ[sub.3]KO mice. In the AMY of Adrβ3KO older mice, we observed an increase in GFAP and EAAT2 expression when compared to wild-type (WT) mice that MS was unable to reduce. These results suggest that a richer and more diverse environment helps to correct memory impairment when applied immediately after weaning in Adrβ[sub.3]KO animals and indicates that the control of neuroinflammation mediates this response. |
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ISSN: | 1422-0067 |
DOI: | 10.3390/ijms241310522 |