Advanced Urea Precursors Driven NiCo[sub.2]O[sub.4] Nanostructures Based Non-Enzymatic Urea Sensor for Milk and Urine Real Sample Applications

The electrochemical performance of NiCo[sub.2] O[sub.4] with urea precursors was evaluated in order to develop a non-enzymatic urea sensor. In this study, NiCo[sub.2] O[sub.4] nanostructures were synthesized hydrothermally at different concentrations of urea and characterized using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Nanostructures of NiCo[sub.2] O[sub.4] exhibit a nanorod-like morphology and a cubic phase crystal structure. Urea can be detected with high sensitivity through NiCo[sub.2] O[sub.4] nanostructures driven by urea precursors under alkaline conditions. A low limit of detection of 0.05 and an analytical range of 0.1 mM to 10 mM urea are provided. The concentration of 006 mM was determined by cyclic voltammetry. Chronoamperometry was used to determine the linear range in the range of 0.1 mM to 8 mM. Several analytical parameters were assessed, including selectivity, stability, and repeatability. NiCo[sub.2] O[sub.4] nanostructures can also be used to detect urea in various biological samples in a practical manner.