Impacts of Semiochemical Traps Designed for IBruchus rufimanus/I Boheman 1833 on Nontarget Beneficial Entomofauna in Field Bean Crops

The cultivation of seed legumes provides many services to biodiversity, the environment and agronomic systems. However, the field yields of these crops remain irregular and uncertain due to biotic and abiotic stresses. The introduction of crops, such as faba beans, must allow sufficient remuneration to farmers to meet sustainable development criteria. In this sense, it is essential to implement new strategies to control Bruchus rufimanus Boheman 1833 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), the main pest of faba bean seeds. Recent discoveries in the chemical ecology of the pest led to the set-up of semiochemical traps opening the door to more sustainable biocontrol strategies. Here, we evaluate the efficacy of these traps for the capture of B. rufimanus by considering the phenology of the crop and the collateral effects of traps on beneficial insects. Broad bean weevils (BBWs-Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) are serious pests of field bean seeds that hamper the promotion of this crop in the diversification of European cropping systems. Recent research has identified different semiochemical lures and trap devices for the development of semiochemical-based control strategies of BBWs. In this study, two field trials were carried out in order to provide necessary information supporting the implementation of sustainable field use of semiochemical traps against BBWs. More particularly, three principal objectives were followed including (i) the identification of the most efficient traps for BBWs capture and the influence of trapping modality on BBWs sex-ratio, (ii) the assessment of eventual collateral effects on crop benefits including aphidophagous and pollinator insects such as Apidae, Syrphidae and Coccinellidae, (iii) the assessment of the crop developmental stage influence on the capture by semiochemical traps. Three different semiochemical lures were tested in combination with two trapping devices across two field trials in early and late flowering field bean crops. The crop phenology and climate parameters were integrated into the analyses to interpret the spatiotemporal evolution of the captured insect populations. A total of 1380 BBWs and 1424 beneficials were captured. White pan traps combined with floral kairomones were the most efficient traps for the capture of BBWs. We demonstrated that the crop phenology (c.f., the flowering stage) exerted strong competition on the attractiveness of semiochemical traps. Community analysis revealed that only one species of BBWs was