Electrochemical sensors based on graphene materials

Single–layered graphene, emerging as a true two–dimensional nanomaterial, has tremendous potential for electrochemical catalysis and biosensing as a novel electrode material. Considering the excellent properties of graphene, such as large surface–to–volume ratio, high conductivity and electron mobility at room temperature, low energy dynamics of electrons with atomic thickness, robust mechanical and flexibility, we give a general view of recent advances in electrochemical sensors based on graphene. We are highlighting here important applications of graphene and graphene nanocomposites, and the assay strategies in electrochemical sensors for DNA, proteins, neurotransmitters, phytohormones, pollutants, metal ions, gases, hydrogen peroxide, and in medical, enzymatic and immunosensors. Graphical Abstract Graphene, a recent star carbon nanomaterial with lots of excellent properties, has caused increasing interests on the development of new-types graphene-based electrochemical sensors including DNA and protein sensor, enzyme based sensor, immunosensor, neurotransmitter sensor, medicine sensor, phytohormone sensor, pollutants sensor, metals ion sensor, gas sensor, and H 2 O 2 sensor